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【以下文字转载自 Talking 讨论区】发信人: AWOO (秋叶.劲风), 信区: Talking 标题: ［科普英语醒目］－翻译整理－发信站: BBS 北邮人论坛站 (Sat Jan 8 13:07:26 2005), 站内呕心沥血整理出来，只是希望有助于大家复习，希望大家正确使用。希望对大家有帮助－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－ ---------------- Unit 1 1. the law of gravitation is not noticeably simpler than the laws of fluid dynamics; yet for weather the resulting begavior seems to be far more complicated. 引力的法则比流体力学的法则要稍微简单一点；但对于天气来说所产生的结果就复杂多了。 2. this is a remarkable discovery: random behavior in a system whose mathematical description contains no hint whatsoever of randomness. 这是一个引人瞩目的发现：系统中的无序运动，其数学描述却不包括任何无序性。 3. order and chaos, traditionally seen as opposites, are now viewed as two aspects of the same basic process, the evolution of a system in time. 秩序和混沌，历史被看作是相对的，现在被看成同一基本过程，既一个系统随时间演变过程的两方面。 4. disease epidemics, locust plagues, and irregular heartbeats are more down-to-earth examples of chaos, on a more human timescale. 传染病、蝗灾、和心率不齐是混沌理论在更加显示人类特点的时标方面的例子。 5. chaos cuts right across traditional subjects, become meaningless when compared to unity revealed by their joint efforts. 混沌理论打破了传统学科的界限，纯粹的理论数学家于应用数学家之间，数学家于物理学家之间，物理学家和化学家之间的区别，比其他们协作表现出的统一性已经显得毫无疑义了。 6. Tides are caused by gravitational attraction of the sun and moon; the weather by the motion of atmosphere under the influence of heat from the sun. 潮汐是由太阳和月亮的重力吸引所致；而天气则是因太阳的热量影像大气运动而形成的。 7. The changing patterns of the weather involve a great deal of stretching and folding, so here chaos reigns. 天气的变化性是涉及到大量的延伸和翻卷运动，因此要用混沌理论来解释。 8. In chaotic system any initial error of measurement, however small, will grow rapidly 在混沌系统中任何计量上的初始误差，不论多么微小，都可能迅速增大并最终毁掉整个预测结果。 9. It’s impossible to predict on which side of the sun Pluto will lie in 200 million years’ time. 要预测在两亿年后冥王星会在太阳的哪一面是不可能的。 10. Even when we know the equation that govern a system’s behavior, we may not in practice be able to make effective predictions. 即使我们知道计算某系统运动的等式，在实践中，我们也可能做不出有效的预测。 ---------------- Unit 2 1. as an embryo develops, cells lose this ability. By ordering genes to turn on or off, cells begin to specialize. One group of embryonic cells may commit itself to constructing the nervous system, while another acts to create muscles. 随着胚胎的发育，细胞就失去了这一能力（全能性）。通过开关基因，细胞开始分工。一组胚胎细胞发育神经系统，而另一组则发育肌肉。 2. the feat is typically performed by removing the egg’s nucleus with a fine, hollow needle. A donor cell is fused to the egg by pulses of electricity, which break down the donor cell’s outer membrane and allow the egg to envelope its new nucleus. 研究人员用一根细而中空的针将卵的细胞核取出。通过电流脉冲击破施主细胞的外层膜将其熔入卵内，使卵把这一新的细胞核裹住。 3. while it seems that most nuclei do not suffer irreversible changes during differentiation, researchers have found that chromatin inside the nucleus of an adult cell differs considerably from that inside an egg cell or an early embryo. 虽然多数细胞和在分化过程中似乎没有变化，但研究人员发现一个成年细胞的细胞核内的核染质与卵细胞或早期胚胎的核染质大不相同。 4. nutrient deprivation is the only aspect of the whole study that is novel to Wilmut’s group. It might be the key, but when you have only one young out of hundreds of tries, it’s difficult to know. 剥夺营养摄取是Wilmut科研小组整个研究中唯一独到之处。也许这就是关键所在。但是在数百次的实验中只有一例成功，就很难断定了。 5. it’s unclear whether the chromatin remodeling of the transplanted nucleus reset its age. If it didn’t, Dolly’s life might be historic but brief. Moreover, Dolly was the only survivor of 277 cloning attempts with adult sheep cells. One explanation for the low success rate may be the electric pulses which don’t always trigger the same signals inside an egg that a sperm’s arrival does. 移植细胞核的核染质再塑造是否重新设计了年龄还不清楚。如果不是这样的话，Dolly的存活就很有历史意义但将会很短暂。而且Dolly是277利用成年洋细胞克隆羊的唯一成功的一例。成功率低的一种解释使用电流脉冲向卵内发出的信号并不总是像精子那样。 6. German embryologist Hans Spemann envisioned an experiment—removing the nucleus from an unfertilized egg and replacing it with one from a differentiated cell—in hopes of finding a solution to the long-debated issue “nuclear equivalency”. This is what most scientists refer to as “cloning”. 德国胚胎学家Hans Spemann设计出一个试验，即把未受精卵的细胞核取出，取而代之以分化过的细胞核，以期解决长期争论不休的“核等效”问题。刺激科学家们所说的“克隆”。 7. The key to nuclear transplantation with adult cells lies in nuclear reprogramming or chromatin remodeling. In the case of the cloned sheep Dolly, scientist deprived the intended donor cells of all nutrients for 5 days on end so as to deactivate the genes and prompt some initial chromatin remodeling. 成年细胞核移植的关键在于核的再编序或核染质的再塑造。就克隆羊Dolly而言，科学家门让待用的施主细胞连续5天无营养供给从而达到降低基因活化，使卵细胞内核染质的再塑造得以初步实现。 8. Injecting human genes into sheep can make them secrete valuable drug into their milk, which at present holds promise in the treatment of cystic fibrosis. However, there is no denying that some new animal models of human disease will result from the application of this cloning technology. 通过给养注射人类基因让其乳汁中分泌出有价值的药物成分。目前在治疗囊肿性纤维化病上，前景看好。但不容否认，人类的某些疾病也将随这一克隆技术的应用而转嫁到动物身上。 9. Wilmut has stressed again and again that there is no reasonable justification for cloning humans. Given the current lack of knowledge about how cloning works, it would be too dangerous to have a try. Wilmut一再强调没有正当的理由克隆人类。如果考虑到目前人类对克隆还了解甚少，所以就连尝试一下都是极其危险的。 10. Human embryos do not provide enough time for chromatin remodeling, thus preventing the cloning of humans using adult cells. This potential limitation may offer solace to those who do not want to address the ethical dilemmas of human cloning. 人类胚胎没有足够长的时间进行核染质的再塑造，因而妨碍了用成人细胞克隆人类。这种潜在的局限性也许对于那些不想应付克隆人类自身带来的种种伦理难题的人是个极大的安慰。 ---------------- Unit 3 1. if the new strategies work, future vaccines won’t be manufactured in costly laboratories of given out through needles. we’ll get them cheaply from genetically altered fruits, vegetables or farm animals—and we’ll consume them in pills, ointments and nose sprays. 如果心方法起作用，未来的疫苗将不再昂贵的实验室生产，也不用通过注射接种。我们可以从改变了基因的国事、蔬菜货家畜中得到廉价的疫苗——通过服药片、敷油膏或鼻腔喷剂接种。 2. the bug provokes a vigorous response in the mucosal tissues that fluviruses invade, but its heat aversion keeps in from invading other tissues. 这种病菌再收到感冒病毒侵入的粘膜组织上引起强烈的反应，但是其厌热性是质无法侵入其他组织。 3. if this “conjugate” vaccine works as intended, kids will respond to both of its elements, and achieve…….. 如果这种组合式疫苗能达到预期的效果，儿童就能对其两种成分都产生抗体，从而达到对耳疼病的长期免疫。科学家们希望用同样的方式使瘾君子戒毒。 4. At cornell University’s Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, …….. 例如，在康奈尔大学的波依丝·汤普森植物研究所，研究人员们正在培育一种马铃薯，它含有来自有毒的大肠埃希杆菌的无害蛋白质，大肠埃希杆菌是导致痢疾的主要原因。 5. Some 500 million people in the world contract malaria every year, and up to 3………… 全世界每年约有5亿人患疟疾，其中多达300万人死亡。接种疫苗目前仍是我们扭转这种悲剧的最有希望的方法。现在，我们有充分的理由相信他们会成功。 6. Hib is a very uncommon disease. Infection rates have fallen by more than 90 percent in developed countries, and some have………. 流感嗜血b型是一种很少见的疾病，其感染率在发达国家以下降了90%多，有些国家已经完全征服了这种微生物。 7. Scientists realized centuries ago that a benign substance can sometimes rally the body’s defenses against a harmful one……. 几个世纪之前科学家门就意识到了人体内有一种良性物质，有时她能调动体内的抵抗能力对付有害物质。 8. Some 83 percent of American kids suffer an ear infection by the age of 3. the condition accounts for 35 million doctor visits every year, as……. 美国大约有83%的儿童三岁时深受耳病之苦，这种导致每年大量抗生素的使用，花费约35亿美元，还有3500万的就诊次数。 9. For all their sophistication, most of these vaccines share a common drawback: you can’t produce them without costly, ………….. 这些疫苗除了具有错综复杂的性质之外，还有一个共同的缺陷，即：没有昂贵的精密仪器，就无法生产这些疫苗，没有消毒针管，也无法使用它们。 10. Agricultural scientists repeatedly introduce foreign genes into crops to help them resist pests, drought and other hazards. 农业科学家不断地将其她物种基因引入到农作物当中帮助他们抵御害虫、干旱和其他危害物。 ---------------- Unit 4 1. the goal is to put as few switches and/or routers within the backbone infrastructure as possible, while increasing line speeds into the gigabit and terabit ranges. 目标是要在主干基础设施中尽可能少地使用交换机和/或路由器，同时把线路速度提高到吉比特和太比特。 2. Packetized voice has now reached the point that voice packets are delivered by cell or packet transport with the integrity and quality users……… 分组语音技术目前已经发展到通过信元或信息包的方式传输语音包，其完整性和质量可与用户从公共交换网上所获得的语音效果媲美，而且该技术还在迅速发展。 3. today as many as 40 channels can be multiplexed on a single channel—a vast impronement from the original WDM capacity of four. 今天，一个信道上可以复用40多个信道——这比以前可以复用至4个信道的波分复用技术是一个巨大的进步。 4. When the user leaves the coverage area, the handset continues to function by being handed off to a public wireless carrier on either 850 MHZ…………… 当用户离开发射范围时，手机被转至一个公共无线网继续工作，该网既可以是850MHZ的蜂窝式电话网，也可以是1900MHZ的全球通。 5. local multipoint distribution service (LMDS) is a wireless, two-way multichannel data, video, and telephony technology that could provide……… 本地多点分布业务是种无线双向多信道的数据、视频和电话技术，它可以提供各种各样的宽带电信服务，这曾是信息高速公里所展示的理想，只不过信息高速公路的概念现在已鲜有人提起了。 6. IP marketplace is currently focused on using Internet to pirate consumer voice traffic from traditional carriers by offering significantly lower prices. IP市场目前正利用因特网，以很低的得价格从传统的运营商那里挖走客户语音业务。 7. other ultrafast routing/switching schemes abound, and they are all trying to crack the same nut from different angles. 还有很多其他的高速路由/交换方案，他们都在从不同的角度解决同一个问题。 8. EDFA is a key enabling technology in the continual evolution to the all-optical network. 在继续向全光纤网络发展过程中，EDFA是一项关键的基础技术。 9. On a per-line basis, the cost for WLL fanes from $500to $1000 and is decreasing, while wireline telephony provisioning can run as high as $2500 per subscriber. 就每条线路而言，WLL的成本在500-1000美元之间，并且还在下降，而有线电话的设备成本高达2500美元。 10. Unlike mobile wireless, LMDS works only between fixed points—offices, homes and other structures. 与无线移动通信不同的是，本地多点分布业务只在固定的两个地点之间的运行业务——办公室、塔、家以及其他的建筑之间。 ---------------- Unit 5 1． Dig a little deeper and you’ll find that not all digital phones speak the same language, either, with soupy dialects such as CDMA, TDMA, and GSM creeping into an already difficult decision. 稍微深入一点挖掘，你就会发现并非所有的数字手机都是用同样的传输标准，再加上那些意义模糊的术语，如CDMA、TDMA、GSM等，让本就面临着困难选择的用户更加不知所措。 2． Choose a service carefully, and with your own calling habits placed squarely in front of selling points of technologies involved. 选择服务时要小心。要将你的通话习惯和服务商提供的技术卖点进行全面的比较，要尽量是二者保持一致。 3． The allocation and auctioning of a new set of frequencies has tipped the balance in favor consunmers. 新频率的投入使用使天平向消费者一方倾斜。 4． Virtually all digital cellular (not PCS) phones are dual-mode models that can fall back to analog wherever your phone company’s digital service is not available. 数字移动电话都是采用双重模式类型。当电话商不能提供数字通信服务时，无论在哪里，你都可以将它变换回模拟形式，继续使用。 5． And as with digital cellular, the talk and standby time are longer than analog, and the risk of someone overhearing your conversation or swiping your phone number is lower. 数字移动电话的通话时间、待机时间都比模拟机长；电话被窃听、被盗用的风险要低一些。 6． Digital technology helps to combat cloning or other types of fraud. 数字技术可以帮助对付盗码以及其他欺诈行为。 7． If you frequently travel far from home, you’d better choose analog cellular. That’s because analog cellular still offers by the best wireless coverage. 如果你经常出远门，那么你应该选择模拟机，因为到目前为止，他所提供的无线覆盖率是最佳的。 8． The voice quality of analog cellular calls are vulnerable to interference. Building, had weather, reflected sound waves, etc can all couse analog calls to crackle or disconnect. Digital phones, however, are not immune to these problems. 模拟机通话容易受到干扰，建筑物、坏天气、声波反射等都可能使手机产生噪音或掉线。而数字信号手机则不会受到这些问题的影响。 9． Digital service increases by 50 percent or more the talk and standby times of a cellphone. 数字服务使通话时间和待机时间体哦稿了百分之五十甚至更多。 10． CDMA、TDMA、and GSM are the three transmission types for digital cellular and all sides have their proponents. 码分多址、时分多址和全球移动系统是数字移动电话的三种传输形式。他们都有各自的拥戴者。 ---------------- Unit 6 1. You can bet that all future chip designs will include MMX, which specifically address sound, 2D & 3D video as well as other advanced functions that are defined as multimedia. 可以肯定的是未来所有芯片的设计都将包含MMX，它特别着重于音响、二维三维图像，以及其他一些被称作多媒体的先进功能。 2. In our context, multimedia is a communication stream that combines otherwise independent media into unified whole. 本文中的多媒体是指将原本独立的各种媒体结合成统一整体的交流系统。 3. A so-called killer application is a defining product within a technology that will run so well that all alternative products will have to follow suit just to compete. 所谓的killer app是指一个技术中的定位产品，他的运行效果非常好，以至于其他的替代产品只有通过模仿才能与之竞争。 4. It looks like those heady days have transformed to processor manufactures concentrating on features other than raw speed. 似乎只追求速度的时代已经过去，取而代之的是生产上更加注重速度之外的其他指标 5. even the newest, super powerful processor designs are destined to move from the “so powerful only big business needs them” to be mass marketed to the general public just like each of the previous chips had. 即使最新的、超强功率的处理器，其重点也将从“功能强大的只有大公司才能用”转移到大众市场，面向普通大众，正像以前的每种芯片一样。 6. MMX actually is the moniker for a new group of special instructions that reside inside certain Pentiums, all Pentium II’s, and now AMD’s and Cyrix”s. MMX实际是指一组特殊指令的名字，这些指令被置于某些奔腾机，所有奔腾II计算机以及现在的AMD和Cyrix计算机中。 7. the entire structure of MMX execution is based on single Instruction Multiple Data, a processor designed which has been around for a long time. 执行MMX的完整体系是基于一种早已问世的处理器设置，及多数据单一指令。 8. level one cache holds most often used data close at hand. 一级缓存可保存最常用的信息，使用起来非常方便。 9. Intel originally wanted to phase out the classic Pentium design by introducing a Pentium Pro with MMX targeted for both desktop and notebook computers. Intel本想于1998年初引进既适用于台式又适用于笔记本的的奔腾加强型与MMX的组合，借此逐步撤出普通奔腾机的生产。 10. Both AMD and Cyrix released products, which performed well enough to truly threaten Intel’s dominance of worldwide market. AMD及Cyrix公司新推出的产品性能之好，足以对Intel公司在世界市场的统治地位构成威胁。 ---------------- Unit 7 11. the nuclear plant operators have no way of proving that the software that runs the PPS meets any particular safety goal. 核电场的操作员们无法证明控制PPS的软件可以达到任何安全标准。 12. the technology is more widely applicable than ever, but it has grown so complex that there’s no way to simulate it exhaustively or test how it will perform in the real world. 这项技术较之以往得到更广发的应用，但是由于发展得太复杂，没有可能全面仿真和测试它的实际运用功能。 13. by the time the exchange’s massive trading system was back up, a backlog of selling momentum contributed the Dow Jones’s biggest single-day point loss in four years. 当交易所的大型交易系统恢复的时候，抛售动量引起道琼斯指数四年来日最大跌幅。 14. that’s why some people protest the use of software in live, mission-critical applications. 这就是为什么一些人反对在实际的重要任务中使用软件。 1. as it turned out, in a real-world illustration of the problem of independence, the backup turned out to have the same bug. 结果表明，在系统独立性问题的实际测试中，备份系统也有同样的缺陷。 2. they blamed the failures not on the software but on the test themselves. 他们将失败的原因归咎于测试本身，而非软件。 3. some critics voiced doubts about the validity of these figures. 一些批评家对这些数据的可靠性提出质疑。 4. engineers know full well that the most thoroughly tested computer software is susceptible to bugs, glitches, and viruses. 工程师们非常清楚，即便是经过最全面测试的计算机软件业机容易受到故障、错误信号和病毒的影响。 5. Complexity and the lack of independence make it all but impossible to come up with numerical reliability ratings for software. 软件的复杂性和缺乏独立性是我们几乎没有可能实现用数字来显示软件的可靠性。 6. the best answer to the software reliability problem lies in system of programming known as formal methods. 可以从一种叫做形式方法的编程系统中找到解决软件可靠性问题的最佳答案。

［科普英语醒目］－翻译整理－ (转载)